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bioweb.sungrant.org » Technical » Policy » State Biopower Policy
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The Energy Policy Act of 2005 included a renewable fuel standard for liquid transportation fuels, but did not include a national renewable portfolio standard for biopower. Several states, however, have renewable portfolio standards including Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, and Wisconsin (table 1). Under each of these RPS policies, biomass is permitted to meet the renewable energy requirement.
Table 1—State Renewable Portfolio Provisions
|
State |
RPS Percent |
Time Period |
Eligible Renewables |
|
Arizona |
1.1% of retail sales by 2007-2012 |
2001–2012 |
Solar photovoltaic, solar thermal electric, solar water heating systems, solar air conditioning systems, in-state landfill gas generators, in-state wind generators, in-state biomass generators, small hydro-electric generation, waste generation. For 2004-2012, the portfolio kWh will be at least 60 percent solar electric |
|
California |
20% of the generation for retail sales by 2017 |
2003-2017 |
Biomass, solar thermal, photovoltaic, wind, geothermal, small hydropower, ocean wave, thermal or tidal current, waste tire, digester gas, landfill gas, MSW conversion |
|
Colorado |
3% beginning in 2007, and incrementing to 6% in 2011 and 10% in 2015 and beyond |
2007-2015 onward |
Solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric less than 10 mw capacity, biomass (agricultural crops, urban wood waste, mill residue, slash, or brush, animal wastes and products of animal wastes, methane produced from landfills or wastewater treatment), fuel cells using hydrogen produced from the above defined renewable sources |
|
Connecticut |
1/1/2004 – 12/31/2004 4% total, 1% Class I, 3% Class II, increasing to 10% total, 7% Class I and 3.0% Class II by 1/1/2010 onward
|
7/1/2000–1/1/2010 onward |
Class I-Solar, wind, fuel cells, methane gas from landfills, sustainable biomass (NOx emission rate ≤0.075 lbs/MMBtu of heat input for the previous calendar quarter), ocean thermal power, wave or tidal power, run-of-the-river hydropower of ≤5 MW (beginning operation after 7/1/2003), low emission advanced renewable energy conversion technologies, distributed generation (end-user sited) from any Class I resource
Class II-Trash-to-energy, biomass (other than class I) provided the average NOx emission rate ≤0.20 lbs/MMBtu of heat input for the previous calendar quarter, run-of-the-river hydropower ≤5 MW (beginning operation prior to 7/1/2003) |
|
Iowa |
105 MW of alternative energy capacity |
2/1/1997 onward |
Solar, wind turbine, waste management, resource recovery, refuse-derived fuel, agricultural crops or residues, wood burning facilities |
|
Maine |
30% of generation sold generated from eligible renewable resources |
11/4/1999 onward |
Fuel cells, tidal power, solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, biomass, generators fueled by municipal solid waste in conjunction with recycling, self-generation is not eligible |
|
Massachusetts |
1% of electricity in 2003, with the percentage increasing by 0.5% per year thereafter through 2009 to 4% |
2003–2009 further increases subject to Division of Energy Resources review |
Solar (photovoltaic or thermal), wind, ocean thermal, wave or tidal, fuel cells using eligible renewable fuel, landfill methane gas and anaerobic digester gas, low-emission, advanced biomass power conversion technologies, MSW Waste-to-energy (WTE) that is a component of conventional municipal solid waste plant technology. Eligible biomass-brush, stumps, lumber ends and trimmings, wood pallets, bark, wood chips, shavings, slash and other clean wood that are not mixed with other solid wastes; agricultural waste, food material and vegetative material, energy crops, biogas, organic refuse-derived fuel that is collected and managed separately from municipal solid waste, or neat biodiesel and other neat liquid fuels that are derived from such fuel sources.
Co-firing of an eligible biomass fuel is allowed. |
|
Nevada |
5% of retail sales of electricity in 2003 and 2004, and increases the standard by 2% biennially until it reaches 15% in 2013. The 15% standard is maintained for calendar year 2013 and for each calendar year thereafter |
2003-2013 onward |
Biomass (agricultural crops and agricultural wastes and residues; wood and wood wastes and residues; animal wastes; municipal wastes; aquatic plants; landfill gases; wastewater treatment gases; industrial digester gases), geothermal energy, solar energy (photovoltaic, solar thermal electric, solar thermal energy systems), wind
Not less than 5% of that renewable amount must be generated or acquired from solar |
|
New Jersey |
Renewable generation requirement begins at 3% on 2001 and increases to 6.5% in 2012 and beyond. Class II renewables comprise 2.5% of the portfolio for all years, while Class I renewables increase from 0.5% to 4% over the first ten years of the program |
9/1/2001 |
Class I-Solar, Wind, fuel cells, geothermal technologies, wave or tidal action, biomass (excludes: a) treated, painted or chemically coated wood; b) municipal solid waste;
c) tires; d) sewage sludge; e) wood waste, including demolition waste and construction waste, for which there is no documentation that demonstrates that the wood was grown and harvested in accordance with a management plan; f) wood from an old growth forest; (g) wood from the harvesting of a standing forest, except for a forest that is part of a bioenergy plantation)
Class II-Resource recovery facility, hydro power facility, 30 MW or less only |
|
New Mexico |
1/1/2006 5%, 1/1/2007 6%, 1/1/2008 7%, 1/1/2009 8%, 1/1/2010 9%, 1/1/2011 10% |
2006-2011 |
Solar, fuel cells (not fossil fueled), biomass, (agricultural or animal waste, small diameter timber, salt cedar and other phreatophytes or woody vegetation, anaerobically digested waste, landfill gas, biomass co-firing), geothermal, wind generation, small-scale hydroelectric (under 5 mw) |
|
New York |
Renewable generation 2006 19.93%, 2007 20.65%, 2008 21.38%,
2009 22.10%, 2010 22.83%, 2011 23.55%,
2012 24.28%, 2013 25.00% |
2006-2013 |
Main Tier: Wind, solar photovoltaics, ocean thermal, tides, or waves, hydroelectric less than 30 mw capacity, biogas, liquid biofuel, eligible biomass (agricultural residue, harvested wood, mill residue, wood pallet waste, refuse derived fuel, site conversion waste wood silvicultural waste wood, sustainable yield wood, urban wood waste), fuel cells using the renewable sources defined above Customer-Sited Tier: Fuel cells, solar photovoltaics, wind facilities with less than 300 kW capacity.
Note: Waste-to-energy combustion is explicitly excluded. |
|
Pennsylvania |
Tier 1 generation starts-1.5% in 2007 and increments .5% a year to reach 8% by 2020; Tier 2 must contribute 10% by 2020 |
2007-2020 |
Tier 1: Solar photovoltaics, wind power low-impact hydropower, geothermal energy, biologically derived methane gas, fuel cells, biomass energy, coal mine methane
Tier 2: Waste coal, distributed generation systems, demand-side management, large-scale hydropower, including pumped storage, municipal solid waste, generation of electricity utilizing by-products of the pulping process and wood manufacturing process including bark, wood chips, sawdust and lignin in spent pulping liquors, integrated combined coal gasification technology |
|
Rhode Island |
Begins in 2007 with 3% of total retail sales from renewables, and increases to 16% by 2019 and after |
2007-2019 and later |
Solar, wind, ocean thermal, tides, or waves, geothermal, hydroelectric<30 MW capacity, eligible biomass (Brush, stumps, lumber trimmings, wood pallets, bark, wood chips, shavings, slash, and other clean wood, agricultural wastes, food and vegetative material, energy crops, landfill methane, biogas, neat bio-diesel and other neat liquid fuels), fuel cells using the renewable sources defined above. Waste-to-energy combustion of any kind is explicitly excluded. |
|
Texas |
New renewable energy capacity starting at
400 MW as of 1/1/2002 and increasing to 2,880 MW 1/1/2009 through 1/1/2019 |
2002-2019 |
Solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave, or tidal energy, biomass or biomass-based waste products, including landfill gas |
|
Wisconsin |
Fixed 50 MW renewable capacity target and an RPS increasing from 0.5% in 2001 to 2.2% in 2011 |
12/31/2001–12/31/2011 |
Biomass including co-firing, fuel cell with renewable fuel, geothermal technology, hydroelectric <60 mw, solar thermal electric, solar photovoltaic, tidal or wave power, wind power
Biomass-resource that derives energy from wood or plant material or residue, biological waste, crops grown for use as a resource or landfill gases. "Biomass" does not include garbage, or non-vegetation-based industrial, commercial or household waste |
| Source: Reviewable Energy Project available at http://www.crest.org/rps_map.html |
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